The blood and other fluids collect around it swelling and discoloring the area.
Sometimes basilar skull fracture causes both eyes to swell and blacken turning them into raccoon's eyes.
Allergic reactions, bites, and cellulitis (skin infection around the eye) may also cause the swelling though not the discoloration.
Some facial surgical procedures may, too, blacken the skin around the eyes.
Pain, swelling and discoloring along with a possible though a temporary headache, and/or some temporary trouble to the vision as well as to the eyes as such, are the apparent symptoms of a black eye.
Black Eye
Credit: National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health
If a black eye doesn't heal on its own for quite a long time, there may be a need to consult an ophthalmologist. There may have been a damage to the eye itself, if it has not healed for long!
The ophthalmologist will conduct a routine as well as an in-depth eye exam in order to ascertain the specific reason of the black eye not getting treated in time and do the needful according to the results of the exam.
For simple cases; a combination of ice application - not on but around the injury, pain medication, rest, and protection of the injured area is quite sufficient a treatment.
For complicated cases; the results of the in-depth eye exam guide the doctor or the ophthalmologist regarding the right course of action to be taken.
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